Lucknow, the capital of Uttar Pradesh, is famously known as the “City of Nawabs.” This title reflects the city’s rich cultural heritage and its association with the Nawabs of Awadh, who ruled the region during the 18th and 19th centuries. Under their patronage, Lucknow flourished as a center of art, music, poetry, and architecture, blending Persian, Mughal, and Indian influences.
This article delves into the reasons why Lucknow earned this title, exploring its history, cultural significance, and the Nawabi legacy that continues to influence the city’s identity.
Historical Background of the Nawabs of Awadh
The term “Nawab” originally referred to Mughal governors who were granted semi-autonomous control over regions within the Mughal Empire. The Nawabs of Awadh were established in 1722 when Burhan-ul-Mulk, also known as Nawab Saadat Khan, was appointed as the first Nawab. Over time, Awadh (also spelled Oudh) gained prominence as one of the most powerful and wealthy provinces in northern India.
By the mid-18th century, under the reign of Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula, the capital of Awadh shifted to Lucknow from Faizabad. This marked the beginning of Lucknow’s transformation into a cultural and political hub, as the Nawabs began to invest heavily in developing the city’s infrastructure, arts, and architecture.
Cultural Patronage: Music, Dance, and Poetry
One of the key reasons Lucknow is called the City of Nawabs is its reputation as a cultural capital during their rule. The Nawabs were known for their love of fine arts, particularly music, dance, and poetry. Under their influence, Lucknow became a leading center for Hindustani classical music and dance forms like Kathak.
The Nawabs encouraged Mujra, a dance form performed by courtesans, often set to classical ragas and Urdu poetry. Ghazals (a poetic form) and Shayari (Urdu poetry) also flourished during this period. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, the last ruler of Awadh, was particularly famous for his love of music and dance. He was not only a patron but also a composer and performer.
Architectural Grandeur: Nawabi Monuments
The architectural legacy of the Nawabs is another reason Lucknow earned its nickname. The Nawabs built many iconic structures that still stand today as symbols of Lucknow’s glorious past. These buildings reflect a unique blend of Mughal, Persian, and Indian styles, showcasing the sophistication of the Nawabi era.
Some of the notable Nawabi monuments include:
- Bara Imambara: Built by Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula in 1784, the Bara Imambara is one of Lucknow’s most famous landmarks. It is renowned for its massive central hall and intricate labyrinth (Bhool Bhulaiya). The building was constructed to provide employment during a famine, reflecting the Nawabs’ concern for their subjects.
- Chota Imambara: Also known as the Imambara of Hussainabad, this beautiful structure was built by Nawab Muhammad Ali Shah. It serves as a mausoleum for the Nawab and his mother. The monument is known for its gilded domes, chandeliers, and intricate calligraphy, symbolizing the wealth and aesthetic sensibilities of the Nawabi rulers.
- Rumi Darwaza: Often referred to as the “Turkish Gate,” this grand gateway was built during the reign of Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula. Standing 60 feet tall, the Rumi Darwaza is a fine example of Awadhi architecture and was modeled after the Sublime Porte in Istanbul.
- Dilkusha Kothi: A European-style hunting lodge built by Nawab Saadat Ali Khan, Dilkusha Kothi stands as a testament to the Nawabs’ openness to foreign architectural influences. Though now in ruins, it offers a glimpse into the grandeur of the Nawabi lifestyle.
Cuisine: The Nawabi Flavors of Lucknow
The Nawabs of Lucknow also left a lasting impact on the city’s culinary traditions, giving rise to the world-famous Awadhi cuisine. The Nawabs were known for their refined tastes, and their royal kitchens produced some of the most iconic dishes in Indian gastronomy. The use of aromatic spices, slow-cooking techniques, and an emphasis on presentation reflect the Nawabi love for indulgence and sophistication.
Some of the most popular Nawabi dishes include:
- Kebabs: Lucknow is renowned for its melt-in-your-mouth kebabs like Galouti Kebabs, Kakori Kebabs, and Seekh Kebabs. These were originally created for the Nawabs, who preferred delicate, flavorful meat preparations.
- Biryani: Awadhi Biryani, unlike its spicier counterparts from Hyderabad, is known for its subtle flavors and use of fragrant spices and saffron. The rice is slow-cooked with marinated meat, offering a rich, aromatic experience.
- Nihari: A slow-cooked stew made with beef or lamb, Nihari was traditionally eaten by the Nawabs as a hearty breakfast dish after their morning prayers.
- Sheermal: A saffron-flavored sweet bread, Sheermal is often served with kebabs and gravies. It was a favorite of the Nawabi court and remains popular in Lucknow today.
The Nawabs’ Legacy of Etiquette and Tehzeeb
Beyond material wealth and cultural patronage, the Nawabs of Lucknow were known for their refined manners and courtly etiquette, often referred to as tehzeeb. This culture of politeness, grace, and respect continues to influence life in Lucknow, where residents take pride in their hospitality and civility.
The Nawabs were masters of diplomacy and dialogue, and their court was known for its mehfil gatherings, where poets, musicians, and intellectuals engaged in thoughtful conversations. This Nawabi culture of refinement and grace still resonates in the everyday life of Lucknow’s people, earning the city a reputation for its welcoming and courteous atmosphere.
The Decline of the Nawabs and the British Takeover
The reign of the Nawabs of Awadh came to an end in 1856 when the British East India Company annexed the kingdom. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was exiled to Kolkata, marking the decline of Lucknow’s golden era. The following year, the city played a central role in the Revolt of 1857, during which it became a major center of resistance against British rule.
Despite the fall of the Nawabs, their cultural legacy has endured. Lucknow continues to celebrate its rich Nawabi heritage through festivals, food, and art.
Conclusion: A City with a Royal Soul
Lucknow’s identity as the City of Nawabs is deeply ingrained in its culture, architecture, and everyday life. The Nawabs not only built magnificent structures and patronized the arts but also fostered a culture of grace and hospitality that remains alive in the city today. Whether through its cuisine, its music, or its people, Lucknow continues to carry forward the rich legacy of the Nawabi era, making it a unique and historically significant city in India.
